Marine Propellers and Propulsion, Second Edition

Table of contents :
Contents……Page 6
Preface to the second edition……Page 12
Preface to the first edition……Page 14
Upper case……Page 16
Lower case……Page 18
Greek and other symbols……Page 20
Abbreviations……Page 22
The early development of the screw propeller……Page 24
References and further reading……Page 33
Propulsion systems……Page 34
2.1 Fixed pitch propellers……Page 36
2.2 Ducted propellers……Page 38
2.3 Podded and azimuthing propulsors……Page 40
2.4 Contra-rotating propellers……Page 41
2.6 Tandem propellers……Page 42
2.7 Controllable pitch propellers……Page 43
2.9 Cycloidal propellers……Page 46
2.10 Paddle wheels……Page 47
2.11 Magnetohydrodynamic propulsion……Page 49
References and further reading……Page 51
Propeller geometry……Page 54
3.2 Propeller reference lines……Page 56
3.3 Pitch……Page 57
3.4 Rake and skew……Page 60
3.5 Propeller outlines and area……Page 62
3.7 Section geometry and definition……Page 65
3.8 Blade thickness distribution and thickness fraction……Page 70
3.10 Controllable pitch propeller off-design section geometry……Page 71
References and further reading……Page 73
The propeller environment……Page 74
4.2 Salinity……Page 76
4.3 Water temperature……Page 77
4.5 Vapour pressure……Page 78
4.7 Surface tension……Page 79
4.8 Weather……Page 81
References and further reading……Page 84
The wake field……Page 86
5.2 Wake field definition……Page 88
5.3 The nominal wake field……Page 91
5.4 Estimation of wake field parameters……Page 92
5.5 Effective wake field……Page 94
5.6 Wake field scaling……Page 97
5.7 Wake quality assessment……Page 100
5.8 Wake field measurement……Page 102
References and further reading……Page 107
Propeller performance characteristics……Page 110
6.1 General open water characteristics……Page 112
6.2 The effect of cavitation on open water characteristics……Page 117
6.3 Propeller scale effects……Page 118
6.4 Specific propeller open water characteristics……Page 121
6.5 Standard series data……Page 124
6.6 Multi-quadrant series data……Page 141
6.7 Slipstream contraction and flow velocities in the wake……Page 146
6.8 Behind-hull propeller characteristics……Page 154
6.9 Propeller ventilation……Page 155
References and further reading……Page 157
Theoretical methods – basic concepts……Page 160
7.1 Basic aerofoil section characteristics……Page 163
7.2 Vortex filaments and sheets……Page 165
7.3 Field point velocities……Page 167
7.5 The starting vortex……Page 169
7.6 Thin aerofoil theory……Page 170
7.7 Pressure distribution calculations……Page 174
7.8 Boundary layer growth over an aerofoil……Page 178
7.9 The finite wing……Page 182
7.10 Models of propeller action……Page 185
7.11 Source and vortex panel methods……Page 187
References and further reading……Page 189
Theoretical methods – propeller theories……Page 190
8.1 Momentum theory – Rankine (1865); R.E. Froude (1887)……Page 192
8.2 Blade element theory – W. Froude (1878)……Page 194
8.3 PropellerTheoretical development (1900–1930)……Page 195
8.4 Burrill’s analysis procedure (1944)……Page 197
8.5 Lerbs analysis method (1952)……Page 200
8.6 Eckhardt and Morgan’s design method (1955)……Page 205
8.7 Lifting surface correction factors – Morgan……Page 209
8.8 Lifting surface models……Page 212
8.10 Vortex lattice methods……Page 215
8.11 Boundary element methods……Page 220
8.12 Methods for specialist propulsors……Page 221
8.13 Computational fluid dynamics methods……Page 223
References and further reading……Page 224
Cavitation……Page 228
9.1 The basic physics of cavitation……Page 230
9.2 Types of cavitation experienced by propellers……Page 235
9.3 Cavitation considerations in design……Page 242
9.4 Cavitation inception……Page 251
9.5 Cavitation-induced damage……Page 256
9.6 Cavitation testing of propellers……Page 258
9.7 Analysis of measured pressure data from a cavitating propeller……Page 262
9.8 Propeller–rudder interaction……Page 263
References and further reading……Page 267
Propeller noise……Page 270
10.1 Physics of underwater sound……Page 272
10.2 Nature of propeller noise……Page 276
10.3 Noise scaling relationships……Page 279
10.4 Noise prediction and control……Page 281
10.5 Transverse propulsion unit noise……Page 282
10.6 Measurement of radiated noise……Page 283
References and further reading……Page 284
Propeller–ship interaction……Page 286
11.1 Bearing forces……Page 288
11.2 Hydrodynamic interaction……Page 301
References and further reading……Page 306
Ship resistance and propulsion……Page 308
12.1 Froude’s analysis procedure……Page 310
12.2 Components of calm water resistance……Page 312
12.3 Methods of resistance evaluation……Page 321
12.4 Propulsive coefficients……Page 333
12.5 The influence of rough water……Page 335
12.7 High-speed hull form resistance……Page 337
References and further reading……Page 339
Thrust augmentation devices……Page 342
13.1 Devices before the propeller……Page 344
13.2 Devices at the propeller……Page 347
13.3 Devices behind the propeller……Page 350
13.4 Combinations of systems……Page 351
References and further reading……Page 352
Transverse thrusters……Page 354
14.1 Transverse thrusters……Page 356
14.2 Steerable internal duct thrusters……Page 363
References and further reading……Page 365
Azimuthing and podded propulsors……Page 366
15.1 Azimuthing thrusters……Page 368
15.2 Podded propulsors……Page 369
References and further reading……Page 376
Waterjet propulsion……Page 378
16.1 Basic principle of waterjet propulsion……Page 380
16.2 Impeller types……Page 382
16.3 Manoeuvring aspects of waterjets……Page 383
16.4 Waterjet component design……Page 384
References and further reading……Page 387
Full-scale trials……Page 390
17.1 Power absorption measurements……Page 392
17.2 Bollard pull trials……Page 398
17.4 Cavitation observations……Page 400
References and further reading……Page 403
Propeller materials……Page 404
18.1 General properties of propeller materials……Page 406
18.2 Specific properties of propeller materials……Page 409
18.3 Mechanical properties……Page 413
18.4 Test procedures……Page 415
References and further reading……Page 416
Propeller blade strength……Page 418
19.1 Cantilever beam method……Page 420
19.2 Numerical blade stress computational methods……Page 425
19.3 Detailed strength design considerations……Page 428
19.5 Blade root fillet design……Page 431
19.6 Residual blade stresses……Page 432
19.7 Allowable design stresses……Page 433
19.8 Full-scale blade strain measurement……Page 436
References and further reading……Page 437
Propeller manufacture……Page 440
20.1 Traditional manufacturing method……Page 442
References and further reading……Page 446
Propeller blade vibration……Page 448
21.1 Flat-plate blade vibration in air……Page 450
21.2 Vibration of propeller blades in air……Page 451
21.4 Simple estimation methods……Page 453
21.5 Finite element analysis……Page 454
21.6 Propeller blade damping……Page 455
21.7 Propeller singing……Page 456
References and further reading……Page 457
Propeller design……Page 458
22.1 The design and analysis loop……Page 460
22.2 Design constraints……Page 461
22.3 The choice of propeller type……Page 462
22.4 The propeller design basis……Page 465
22.5 The use of standard series data in design……Page 468
22.6 Design considerations……Page 472
22.7 The design process……Page 481
References and further reading……Page 485
Operational problems……Page 488
23.1 Performance related problems……Page 490
23.2 Propeller integrity related problems……Page 495
References and further reading……Page 497
Service performance and analysis……Page 500
24.2 Hull roughness and fouling……Page 502
24.4 Propeller roughness and fouling……Page 509
24.5 Generalized equations for the roughness-induced power penalties in ship operation……Page 512
24.6 Monitoring of ship performance……Page 516
References and further reading……Page 525
Propeller tolerances and inspection……Page 526
25.1 Propeller tolerances……Page 528
25.2 Propeller inspection……Page 529
References and further reading……Page 533
Propeller maintenance and repair……Page 534
26.1 Causes of propeller damage……Page 536
26.2 Propeller repair……Page 538
26.3 Welding and the extent of weld repairs……Page 540
26.4 Stress relief……Page 541
References and further reading……Page 542
Bibliography……Page 544
Index……Page 548